Below are photomicrographs taken through the optical microscope during process studies.

Leitz Orthoplan Microscope

The Leitz Orthoplan microscope allows us to observe minute details such as intergrowth characteristics or inclusions as fine as 0.5 micron.

Chalcocite and Pyrite, 200x

Dark veinlets of chalcocite (Cu₂S) transecting a pyrite particle. Froth flotation of this ore yielded unacceptably low copper concentrate grades due to insufficient pyrite-chalcocite liberation and attendant pyrite carryover into the concentrate. Based on the results of microscopic studies of this ore, the mill operators learned to properly blend ore types and optimize the grind to improve profitability.

Titanomagnetite, 800x

A complex intergrowth of titanium and iron oxides. The brownish-gray continuous phase is the titanium mineral (ulvöspinel), and the light crystallites are magnetite with several black laths of gangue. No amount of grinding would make a physical separation possible, so the potential investors decided not to acquire the deposit as a titanium resource.
 

Solvent Emulsion, 100x

Optical microscopy detected the cause of a very stable solvent-extraction emulsion. Adding blue stain to the aqueous phase revealed that tiny bubbles of organic phase were trapped in coagulated clay particles. These studies led to methods to improve solvent recovery.
 

Gold Encapsulated in Pyrite, 200x

A pyrite particle (cream) that contains encapsulated gold (yellow), demonstrating why extraction by cyanidation was poor. Very fine grinding was needed to improve recovery.